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Polarizing microscope is a microscope used to study so-called transparent and opaque anisotropic materials.
All substances with birefringence can be clearly distinguished under a polarizing microscope. Of course, these substances can also be observed by staining, but some of them are impossible and must be observed using a polarizing microscope. Reflective polarizing microscope is an essential instrument for research and identification of birefringent substances by using the polarization characteristics of light. It can be used by users for single polarized light observation, orthogonal polarized light observation, and conoscopic light observation.
Polarizing microscope is a kind of microscope that changes natural light into polarized light for microscope inspection to identify whether a certain substance is single refraction (isotropy) or birefringence (anisotropy).
To understand the characteristics of polarizing microscopes, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of natural light: the vibration characteristic of natural light is that there are many vibration planes on the vertical light wave transmission axis, and the vibration amplitude distribution on each plane is the same. After the natural light passes through the polarizer, the natural light is limited to one vibration direction PP, and the other vibration planes are restricted and cannot pass through the polarizer. This kind of light wave is called "polarized light" or "polarized light".
1. Main components
Polarizer, analyzer, Bertrand mirror, cable lens, rotating stage
2. Polarizer and Analyzer
The most important components of a polarizing microscope are polarizing devices—polarizers and analyzers.
The device between the light source and the object to be inspected is called a "polarizer"; the other device is called an "analyzer" between the objective lens and the eyepiece.
The polarizer first confines the natural light in one vibration direction PP, and the other vibration planes are restricted and cannot pass through the polarizer. The analyzer confines the light in the other direction of vibration, AA, which is 90 degrees perpendicular to the polarizer. the
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3. Orthogonal
When the vibration directions of the light defined by the polarizer and the analyzer are perpendicular to each other, the light passing through the polarizer cannot pass through the analyzer, and the field of view is completely dark, which is commonly called orthogonal.
When light passes through a certain substance, if the nature and path of the light do not change due to the direction of irradiation, the substance is optically "isotropic", also known as single refraction, such as ordinary gas, liquid and non-crystalline solid.
If light passes through another substance, the speed, refractive index, absorptivity, polarization, and amplitude of light are different due to the direction of irradiation. This substance is optically "anisotropic", also known as birefringent body, such as crystals etc.
In the case of orthogonality (the polarizer and the analyzer are perpendicular to each other), the field of view is dark. If the object to be inspected is optically isotropic (single refractor), no matter how the stage is rotated, the field of view will be The field is still dark. This is because the vibration direction of the linearly polarized light formed by the polarizer does not change, and is still perpendicular to the vibration direction of the analyzer.
If the object to be inspected has birefringence characteristics or contains birefringence characteristics, the field of view will become brighter in places with birefringence characteristics. This is because after the linearly polarized light emitted from the polarizer enters the birefringent body, two types of linearly polarized light with different vibration directions are produced. The polarization direction of the mirror is orthogonal, and the human eye can see a bright image through the analyzer.
When light passes through a birefringent body, the vibration directions of the two polarized lights are different depending on the type of object.
Polarizing microscope is an essential instrument for the research and identification of birefringent substances by using the polarization characteristics of light. It can be used for single polarized light observation, orthogonal polarized light observation, and conoscopic light observation. The method of changing ordinary light into polarized light is mainly used to identify whether a substance is single refraction (isotropic) or birefringence (anisotropy).
Birefringence is a fundamental characteristic of crystals. Therefore, polarizing microscopes are widely used in mineral, chemical and other fields.
Biological field:
In living organisms, different fibrin structures display pronounced anisotropy, and the use of polarized light microscopy yields details of the molecular arrangement in these fibers. Such as collagen, spinning silk during cell division, etc.
Identification of various biological and non-biological materials:
Such as starch property identification, drug composition identification, fiber, liquid crystal, DNA crystal, etc.
Geological analysis:
Polarizing microscopes can be used for polarized light detection of various minerals and crystals, and are widely used in petroleum, mining and semiconductor industries. LED lighting and special filters can be applied in quality control and industrial analysis.
